Hip Joint
It is synovial ball and socket variety of joint. It is formed by the articulation of head of femur with the acetabulum of hip bone. The following are the characteristics of hip joint.
o Iliopsoas
o Rectus femoris
o Sartorius
• Extension
o Gluteus maximus
o Hamstring muscles
• Abduction
o Gluteus medius
o Gluteus minimus
• Adduction
o Adductor longus
o Adductor fibres of the adductor magnus
o Adductor brevis
• Lateral rotation
o Piriformis
o Obturator internus and externus
o Quadratus femoris
o Superior and inferior Gamelli
• Medial rotation
o Anterior fibres if gluteus medius
o Gluteus minimus
o Tensor fasciae lata
Knee Joint
It is the most largest and complex joint of the body. The knee is made up of four main bones- the femur (thigh bone), the tibia (shin bone), fibula (outer shin bone) and patella (kneecap). It is made up of three compartments.
Medial Compartment: It includes medial condyles of tibia and femur along with medial meniscus.
Lateral Compartment: It includes lateral condyles of femur and tibia along with lateral meniscus.
Anterior Compartment: It includes intercondylar area of femur and posterior surface of patella.
Extra-articular Features:
Intra-articular Features:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL): It starts from the anterior of intercondylar area of tibia, proceeds laterally and attaches to the medial surface of lateral condyle of femur. the point of attachment is b/w lateral meniscus and posterior cruciate ligament. It restiicts hyperextention of knee joint and also prevents anterior sliding of tibia over femur.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): It starts posterior to the intercondylar area of tibia, proceeds medially and attaches to the lateral surface of the medial condyle of femur. It prevents posterior sliding of tibia over femur.
Medial Meniscus: It is C-shaped disc. Its anterior part lies infront of ACL while posterior part part attaches infront of Lateral meniscus . Medial meniscus is attach medially to the medial collateral ligament and it also attaches the ACL.
Lateral Meniscus: it is almost complete circular shape. It is starts posterior to the ACL and posteriorly attaches infront of medial meniscus.
Function of Menisci: It make superior surface of the tibia concurrent to the articular surface of femur and also help in the distribution of synovial fluid in the knee joint cavity.
o Quadriceps Femoris
• Flexion
o Hamstring muscles
Ankle Joint
The synovial hinge joint.It is formed by the articulation of lower end of tibia, the two malleoli and body of talus.
o Medial or deltoid ligament
o Anterior talofibular ligament
o Calcaneofibular ligament
o Posterior talofibular ligament
o Tibialis anterior
o Extensor hallucis longus
o Extensor digitorum longus
o Peroneus tertius
• Plantar flexion
o Gastrocnemius
o Soleus
o Plantaris
o Peroneus longus
o Peroneus brevis
o Tibialis posterior
o Flexor digitorum longus
o Flexor hallucis longus
• Inversion and eversion take place at the tarsal joints.
Subtalar Joint
The joint between talus and calcaneum is called as subtalar joint. Gliding and rotatory movements are possible.
It is synovial ball and socket variety of joint. It is formed by the articulation of head of femur with the acetabulum of hip bone. The following are the characteristics of hip joint.
- Articular Capsule
- Ileofemoral Ligament
- Pubofemoral Ligament
- Ischiofemoral Ligament
- Ligament of head of Femur (Ligamentus teres or Round ligament)
- Acetabular Labrum
- Transverse Ligament
- Movements
o Iliopsoas
o Rectus femoris
o Sartorius
• Extension
o Gluteus maximus
o Hamstring muscles
• Abduction
o Gluteus medius
o Gluteus minimus
• Adduction
o Adductor longus
o Adductor fibres of the adductor magnus
o Adductor brevis
• Lateral rotation
o Piriformis
o Obturator internus and externus
o Quadratus femoris
o Superior and inferior Gamelli
• Medial rotation
o Anterior fibres if gluteus medius
o Gluteus minimus
o Tensor fasciae lata
Knee Joint
It is the most largest and complex joint of the body. The knee is made up of four main bones- the femur (thigh bone), the tibia (shin bone), fibula (outer shin bone) and patella (kneecap). It is made up of three compartments.
Lateral Compartment: It includes lateral condyles of femur and tibia along with lateral meniscus.
Anterior Compartment: It includes intercondylar area of femur and posterior surface of patella.
Extra-articular Features:
- Articular capsule
- Medial and Lateral Patellar Retinaculae
- Patellar Ligament
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- Lateral Collateral Ligament
- Oblique Popliteal Ligament
- Arcuate Popliteal Ligament
Intra-articular Features:
- Cruciate Ligaments
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): It starts posterior to the intercondylar area of tibia, proceeds medially and attaches to the lateral surface of the medial condyle of femur. It prevents posterior sliding of tibia over femur.
- Menisci (Sing- Meniscus)
Medial Meniscus: It is C-shaped disc. Its anterior part lies infront of ACL while posterior part part attaches infront of Lateral meniscus . Medial meniscus is attach medially to the medial collateral ligament and it also attaches the ACL.
Lateral Meniscus: it is almost complete circular shape. It is starts posterior to the ACL and posteriorly attaches infront of medial meniscus.
- Movements
o Quadriceps Femoris
• Flexion
o Hamstring muscles
Ankle Joint
- Articular Capsule
- Ligaments
o Medial or deltoid ligament
o Anterior talofibular ligament
o Calcaneofibular ligament
o Posterior talofibular ligament
- Movements
o Tibialis anterior
o Extensor hallucis longus
o Extensor digitorum longus
o Peroneus tertius
• Plantar flexion
o Gastrocnemius
o Soleus
o Plantaris
o Peroneus longus
o Peroneus brevis
o Tibialis posterior
o Flexor digitorum longus
o Flexor hallucis longus
• Inversion and eversion take place at the tarsal joints.
Subtalar Joint
The joint between talus and calcaneum is called as subtalar joint. Gliding and rotatory movements are possible.
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