Hernia:

Definition:

The descend of an organ from its normal confinement (position) is called hernia.

Causes of hernia:

Increase intra abdominal pressure due to:

·         Intra abdominal malignancy

·         Powerful muscular effort or strain occasioned by lifting a heavy weight

·         Chronic cough

·         Chronic constipation

·         Straining on micturation or defecation (urethral stricture leading to persistent straining)

·         Pregnancy

·         Obesity

Composition of hernia:

Hernial sac/ covering:

Skin, muscle and peritoneum

Contents:

Omentum, fluid, intestine, a portion of circumference of intestine (Richter’s hernia)

Classification of herniae:

1.       Inguinal hernia (direct/indirect)

2.       Epigastic hernia

3.       Umbilical hernia

4.       Femoral hernia

5.       Lumbar hernia

6.       Incisional hernia